29.3 Bioeconomic Strategies Around the World

443

Table 29.2

Biorefinery types and their sustainable assessment for circular economy

process.

S. No. Biorefinery

Sustainable

assessment

Process

Remarks

References

1.

Wastewater

Production cost,

environment,

and health

hazard

Life cycle

analysis and

economic

feasibility

Utilization of

waste for energy

production

system with

nutrient

recovery and

circular

economy

[10, 12]

2.

Glycerol

Investment cost,

global warming,

and

environmental

pollutant

Technical and

economic

feasibility

Cost analysis on

the input

materials and

circular

economy

evaluation from

recovered

product

[13, 14]

3.

Kitchen refuse

Energy

consumption,

release of

nutrients, and

health hazard

Life cycle

analysis and

economic

feasibility

Process

integration with

aquatic

biorefinery for

improved

utilization and

circular

economy over

linear ones

[15, 16]

4.

Lignocellulose

(Sugar industry)

Eutrophication,

acidification,

GHG emission,

aquatic toxicity,

terrestrial

toxicity,

photooxidation,

and human

toxicity

Life cycle

analysis

Strategies

involved in

value addition

and waste

utilization for

closing energy

loop and

circular

economy

[20–22]

29.3

Bioeconomic Strategies Around the World

The two driving forces of bioeconomy are reduction in CO2 footprint and feedstock

conversion from limited carbon resources to a sustainable one. These forces have a

dramatic impact on global stock production, trades, industrial process, and infras-

tructure and therefore require disruptive technologies to come into action [24]. Cur-

rently, there is an increasing demand for the bio-feedstock by the growing companies

which drives the purchase of land and value in biomass-producing areas. However,

societal acceptance, agreeing legal framework, industrial processes, and research